哲学经典选读（英文影印版）

《哲学经典选读》取材丰富、涵盖古代、近代的不同流派，从泰勒斯、柏拉图一直到杜威和德里达等内容。该丛书均由世界著名高等教育出版机构汤姆生公司出品，并充分体现其一贯的简易精严的风格，是优秀的入门教材。

Preface xxvii
Introduction xxix
Chapter 0" The Dawn of Philosophy
0.0 The Birth of Wisdom
0.1 The Legend of Socrates （470-399 B.C.E.）: Knowing the Unknown Selection: Plato, Apology
0.2 The Wisdom of Unknowing

PART I: THE LEGACY OF THE ANCIENTS
Chapter 1: The First Philosophers 1.0 Indian Philosophy: The Vedas and the Upanishads （2500-600 B.C.E.）
Selections: The Rg-Veda, "Song of Creation"
The Kena Upanishad
The Katha Upanishad
1.1 Thales （624-546 B.C.E.）: The First Greek Philosopher
Selection: "Aristotle on Thales"
1.2 Anaximander （d. 546 B.C.E.）: The Infinite Boundless
Selection: Anaximander, "The Infinite"
1.3 Anaximenes （585-528 B.C.E.）: A Question of Language
Selection: Anaximenes, "The Breath of the World"
1.4 Confucius （557-479 B.C.E.）: The Moral Way
Selection: Confucius, Lun Yu
1.5 Lao Tzu （c. 6th Century B.C.E.）: The Way of Tao
Selection: Lao Yzu, Tan Te Ching
1.6 Gotama Buddha （563-483 B.C.E.）: The Way of Enlightenment
Selections: Buddha, "Fire Sermon"
Buddha, The Four Noble Truths
1.7 Pythagoras （c. 527-497 B.C.E.）: Form, Limit, and Number as the Basis of All Things
Selection: "Aristotle on the Pythagoreans"
1.8 The Rational Versus the Irrational
1.9 Heraclitus （540-480 B.C.E.）: The Way of Logos
Selection: "Heraclitean Aphorisms"
1.10 Parmenides'（c. 515-445 B.C.E.）: The Way of Truth
Selection: Parmenides, Nature （Prologue）
Parmenides: The Way of Truth
1.11 Zeno of Elea （490-430 B.C.E.）: The Way of Paradox
1.12 Protagoras （480-410 B.C.E.） and the Sophists: The Way of Relativism 63
Selection: Plato, Protagoras 67
1.13 Democritus （460-360 B.C.E.）: The Way of Materialism

Chapter 2: Plato
2.0 Plato （428-348 B.C.E.）
2.1 Plato's Euthyphro
Selection: Plato, Euthyphro
2.2 The Trial and Death of Socrates
2.3 Plato's Epistemology and Metaphysics: The Myth of the Cave
Selection: Plato, Republic
2.4 Plato's Next Step: the Birth of Self-Criticism
Selection: Plato, Parmenides
Chapter 3: Aristotle
3.0 Aristotle （384-322 B.C.E.）: The Birth of Logic
3.1 Aristotle's Epistemology: Knowledge for Its Own Sake
Selection: Aristotle, Metaphysics
3.2 Aristotle's Criticism of Plato's Ideal Forms
Selection: Aristotle, Categories
3.3 Aristotle's Theory of Mind
Selection: Aristotle, On the Soul
3.4 The Nichomachean Ethics
Selection: Aristotle, Nichomachean Ethics

PART II: THE MIDDLE PERIOD
Chapter 4: The Epicureans, Stoics, and Skeptics
4.0 Epicurus （341-270 B.C.E.）
Selections: Epicurus, Letter to Herodotus
Epicurus, Letter to Menoeceus
4.1 Epictetus （55-135 c.e.）
Selections: Epictetus, The Enchiridion, or Manual
Epictetus, The Discourses
4.2 Marcus Aurelius （121-80）: Philosopher King
Selection: Marcus Aurelius, Meditations
4.3 Sextus Empiricus （c. 175-225）: The Way of Skepticism
Selection: Sextus Empiricus, Outlines of Pyrrhonism-Book I
4.4 Nagarjuna （2nd Century C.E.）: The Way of Nirvana
Selection: Nagarjuna, "The Unity of Being"

Chapter 5: Catholic Philosophy
5.0 The Fragmentation of Philosophy: Fear of the Known
5.1 Plotinus （205-270）: The Twilight of Philosophy
Selection: Plotinus, The Enneads
5.2 Augustine （354-430）: The Beginning of Christendom
Selections: Augustine, Confessions
Augustine, Against the Manichaens
Augustine, Enchiridion
Augustine, The City of God
Augustine, "Self Knowledge and the Nature of Mind"（from On the Trinity）
5.3 Anselm （1033-1109）: The New Scholasticism
Selections: Anselm, Proslogion: "The Ontological Argument"
Guanilo, "In Behalf of the Fool"
Anselm, "Reply to Guanilo"

Chapter 6: The Islamic Influence
6.0 Averroes （ibn Rushd） （1126-1198）: The Unity of All Minds
Selection: AverrGes, "Commentary on De Anima"
6.1 Maimonides （Moses ben Maimon） （1135-1204）: Guide for the Perplexed
Selection: Maimonides: Guide for the Perplexed
Chapter 7: The Medievals
7.0 Aquinas （1225-74）: The Godhead
Selection: Aquinas, Summa Theologica
7.1 Duns Scotus （1266-1308）: The Logical Analysis of Being
Selection: Duns Scotus, Ordinatio
7.2 Ockham （1280-1349）: The Razor's Edge
Selections: Ockham, Logic
Ockham, Theory of Knowledge and Metaphysics

Chapter 8: The Renaissance
8.0 Nicholas of Cusa （1401-1464）: Everything Is Everything
Selection: Nicholas of Cusa, "Everything Is Everything" （from Of Learned Ignorance）
8.1 Roger Bacon （1561-1626）: The Idols of the Mind 181
Selections: Bacon, "The Idols of the Mind" from Novum Organum
Bacon, "On Induction" from Novum Organum
8.2 Giordano Bruno （1548-1600）: The World-Soul Is You
Selection: Bruno, Concerning the Cause, the Prinople, and the One

PART III: THE MODERN RATIONALISTS
Chapter 9: Prelude to Modern Philosophy: The Copernican Revolution
9.0 The Copernican Revolution: Start of the Second Dawn
Selection: Copernicus, On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres
9.1 From the Religious Authority of the Church to the Secular Authority of Science
Selections: Thomas Kuhn, The Copernican Revolution
Paul Feyerabend, "How to Defend Society Against Science"
9.2 Thomas Hobbes （1588-1679）: Materialism, the New Science, and the Quest for Secular Ethics
Selections: Hobbes, Leviathan, Part I: Of Man
Hobbes, Leviathan, Part I1: Of Commonwealth

Chapter 10: Descartes 224
10.0 Descartes （1596-1650）: The Founder of Modern Philosophy
Selection: Descartes, Discourse on Method
10.1 The Cartesian Method: The Axioms of Rationality
Selection: Descartes, Discourse on Method
10.2 The Cartesian Coordinate System and the Invention of Analytic Geometry: Toward the Unification of Perception and the Intellect
10.3 How to Become a Genius: Descartes' Rules for the Direction of the Mind
Selection: Descartes, Rules for the Direction of the Mind
10.4 The Revival of Skepticism: Descartes's First Meditations
Selection: Descartes, "Meditation I"
10.5 The New Rationalism: "I Think, Therefore I Am": Descartes's Second Meditation
Selection: Descartes, "Meditation I1"
Chapter 11:Spinoza
Chapter 12:Leibniz

PART Ⅳ: THE MODERN EMPIRICISTS
Chapter 13:Locke
Chapter 14:Berkeley
Chapter 15:Hume

PART Ⅴ:KANT AND THE GOLDEN AGE OF GERMAN
Chapter 16:Kant
Chapter 17:Hegel and the German Idealists
Chapter 18:Kierkegaard and Nietzsche

PART Ⅵ:THE SOCIAL PHILOSOPHERS
Chapter 19:The Social Pbilosopbers:Wollstonecraft,Comte,Bentbam,Mill,and Marx
Chapter 20:The American Experience:Peirce,James,Dewey,and Royce
Chapter 21:The European Experience:Brentano,Husserl,Heidegger,and Sartre
Chapter 22:The New Metaphysicians:Bradley,Bergson,and Whitebead
Chapter 23:The Birth of Analytic Pbilosopby Frage,Russell,Wittgenstein,and Quine
Chapter 24:The Postmodernists:Gadamer,Merlean-Ponty,Foucault,and Derrida

Index

1 The First Philosophers
Socrates was not the first philosopher. By the time he came upon the scene in the fifth century B.C.E. he was as far removed from the first philosophers as, say, a twentieth-century philosopher like Bertrand Russell （see Chapter 23） is from his modern （eighteenth-century） predecessors. Socrates does, however, provide an opening doorway through which to step even farther back, all the way to the beginning, not just of philosophy but of recorded history itself. Henceforth, we shall commence our journey chronologically.
If what you are after is knowledge of a certain sort--say medical, or scientific, or technological-you would tend to look to the latest, most recent sources available. Today a nineteenth century scientific journal has mainly historical value. Even a scientific journal that is more than a few decades old--or even just a few years old！--is outdated. For instance, if you were about to undergo some complicated medical procedure and you noticed the doctor prescribing your medication using a drug manual from the 1950s, you would probably become suspicious and worried. However, there are other sorts of knowledge, the seeking of which requires just the opposite. You look to the past, fbr instance, when seeking ultimate answers to life's questions--say, the meaning of life--or various sorts of religious inquiry, questions having to do not only with "spiritual" but even purely historical matters, questions having to do with who and what we are. In such cases looking at the latest up-to-date materials seems superficial and out of place. One easily suspects that the latest "spiritual fads," "pop philosophies," and "intellectual fashions" are not the right sources for seeking wisdom. And it is in this respect that philosophical inquiry has much in common with religious and spiritual inquiry. One has the sense or hunch that somehow what one is looking for is not to be found in the present. Indeed, that which is given to us in the present and seems most vividly and importantly urgent may itself obscure something hidden, something sacred, something timeless and universal. Isn't that why our own deep intuitions direct us one way with certain types of inquiry （such as the scientific and technological） and another when it comes to matters religious or philosoohical？