本书主要阐述国际商务方面的主要内容，包括全球化及对国际商务的冲击，环境（宏观经济环境、政治与法律环境、社会文化环境）对国际商务的影响，国际贸易理论，政府与国际组织在国际贸易中的作用，汇率、资本市场与跨国经营财务，国际商务战略与组织，全球营销、加工、供应与人力资源。
本书适用于MBA学员、管理和经济学科硕士生、高年级本科生、涉及国际经贸的政府机构人员、高级经理和高层进修学员以及相关研究人员。
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Hidden Costs in Distribution
When companies consider launching products in foreign markets, they must determinewhat final consumer prices will be to estimate sales potential. Because of differentnational distribution systems, the cost of getting products to consumers varies widelyfrom one country to another. Five factors that often contribute to cost differences in dis-tribution are infrastructure conditions, the number of levels in the distribution system,retail inefficiencies, size and operating-hours restrictions, and inventory stock-outs.
In many countries, the roads and warehousing facilities are so poor that gettinggoods to consumers quickly, at a low cost, and with minimum damage or loss en routeis problematic.
Many countries have multitiered wholesalers that sell to each other before the pro-duct reaches the retail level. For example, national wholesalers sell to regional ones,who sell to local ones, and so on. Japan, although changing rapidly, has had many morelevels of distribution than such countries as France and the United States.67 Becauseeach intermediary adds a markup, they drive product prices up.
In some countries, particularly low-income countries, low labor costs and a basicdistrust by owners of all but family members result in retail practices that raise con-sumer prices. This distrust is evident in companies' preference for counter-servicerather than self-service. In the former, customers wait to be served and shown mer-chandise. A customer who decides to purchase something gets an invoice to take to acashier's line to pay. Once the invoice is stamped as paid, the customer must go toanother line to pick up the merchandise after presenting the stamped invoice. Insome countries counter service is common for purchases as small as a pencil. Theadditional personnel add to retailing costs, and the added time people must be in thestore means fewer people can be served in the given space. In contrast, most retailersin some （mainly high-income） countries have equipment that improves the efficiencyof handling customers and reports, such as electronic scanners, cash registers linkedto inventory control records, and machines connecting purchases to credit-card com-panies.
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